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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes of living organisms can lead to their development over time. This includes the emergence and development of new species.

A variety of examples have been provided of this, including various varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can be found in fresh or salt water and walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to particular host plants. These reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to the body's basic plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The development of the myriad living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has fascinated scientists for many centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selectivity is the best-established explanation. This process occurs when people who are more well-adapted are able to reproduce faster and longer than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a population of well adapted individuals grows and 에볼루션 코리아 블랙잭 (site) eventually creates a new species.

Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of 3 factors: variation, reproduction and 에볼루션 게이밍 inheritance. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction, 무료에볼루션 both of which increase the genetic diversity within an animal species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic traits to the offspring of that person which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be done via sexual or asexual methods.

Natural selection is only possible when all of these factors are in balance. For instance, if an allele that is dominant at the gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele the dominant allele will be more common within the population. However, if the allele confers a disadvantage in survival or decreases fertility, it will disappear from the population. The process is self reinforcing, which means that the organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive feature. The more offspring an organism can produce the better its fitness which is measured by its capacity to reproduce itself and survive. Individuals with favorable traits, like having a longer neck in giraffes and bright white colors in male peacocks are more likely to survive and produce offspring, so they will eventually make up the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection is only an element in the population and not on individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits either through use or lack of use. For instance, if the animal's neck is lengthened by reaching out to catch prey its offspring will inherit a more long neck. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to grow until the giraffe is unable to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles from a gene are randomly distributed within a population. In the end, only one will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles drop in frequency. This can result in a dominant allele in the extreme. Other alleles have been virtually eliminated and heterozygosity diminished to a minimum. In a small group it could result in the complete elimination of recessive gene. This is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that occurs when a large amount of individuals move to form a new population.

A phenotypic bottleneck may also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an outbreak or mass hunting event are concentrated in the same area. The survivors will have a dominant allele and thus will share the same phenotype. This situation could be caused by earthquakes, war or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, if left vulnerable to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from expected values due to differences in fitness. They provide the famous case of twins that are genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other continues to reproduce.

This kind of drift could be very important in the evolution of the species. However, it is not the only way to progress. Natural selection is the most common alternative, in which mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity in the population.

Stephens asserts that there is a vast difference between treating drift like an agent or cause and considering other causes, such as migration and selection as causes and forces. He argues that a causal-process model of drift allows us to distinguish it from other forces and that this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift has a direction, that is it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. He also claims that it also has a magnitude, which is determined by the size of population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

Students of biology in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, also referred to as "Lamarckism, states that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms through taking on traits that are a product of the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by an image of a giraffe that extends its neck longer to reach higher up in the trees. This process would result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to their offspring, which then grow even taller.

Lamarck Lamarck, a French Zoologist, introduced a revolutionary concept in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate materials through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the only one to propose this however he was widely considered to be the first to offer the subject a comprehensive and general treatment.

The dominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism fought in the 19th Century. Darwinism eventually won, leading to the development of what biologists today refer to as the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies that acquired characteristics can be inherited and instead, it argues that organisms develop by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection.

Although Lamarck endorsed the idea of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries spoke of this idea but it was not an integral part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is partly because it was never scientifically tested.

It has been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth and in the field of genomics, there is a growing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability acquired characteristics. This is sometimes referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or, more often, epigenetic inheritance. This is a version that is as valid as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle for survival. This notion is not true and ignores other forces driving evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a fight to survive in a specific environment. This can include not just other organisms but also the physical environment itself.

To understand how evolution operates it is beneficial to consider what adaptation is. The term "adaptation" refers to any specific characteristic that allows an organism to live and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physiological structure such as fur or feathers or a behavioral characteristic like moving into the shade in the heat or leaving at night to avoid cold.

The ability of an organism to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms as well as their physical environment, is crucial to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to generate offspring, and must be able to locate sufficient food and other resources. The organism must be able to reproduce itself at an amount that is appropriate for its niche.

These elements, along with gene flow and mutations can cause a shift in the proportion of different alleles in the gene pool of a population. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies could lead to the emergence of new traits and eventually new species.

A lot of the traits we find appealing in animals and plants are adaptations. For example the lungs or gills which draw oxygen from air feathers and fur as insulation and long legs to get away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a proper understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between behavioral and physiological characteristics.

Physiological adaptations, like the thick fur or gills are physical traits, whereas behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to seek out companions or to move into the shade in hot weather, aren't. It is important to remember that a lack of planning does not result in an adaptation. In fact, failure to think about the implications of a decision can render it unadaptable despite the fact that it might appear logical or even necessary.